Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Unsaponifiable fraction of black Vitis vinifera seed oil attenuates liver cancer progression by targeting apoptosis and key tumor-associated genes: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-44404-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Apoptotic effects of black Vitis vinifera seed oil (BVVO) and its unsaponifiable fraction (UnSap), and their ameliorating effects on the expression of cell cycle-related genes in HepG-2 cells, compared with those of 5-FU. (A) EC 100 values of BVVO and UnSap in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared with those of 5-FU. EC 100 , the concentration of the studied sample that caused 100% viability of the PBMCs. (B, C) The IC 50 and selectivity index (SI) values, respectively, of BVVO, UnSap, and 5-FU. The IC 50 , the inhibitory concentration of BVVO, UnSap, or 5-FU, caused 50% inhibition of cancer cell growth. The SI is determined by dividing the cytotoxic concentration (the concentration of the sample that inhibits 50% of the growth of normal viable cells) by the IC 50 value in cancer cells. (D) Percentage of caspase 3/7 activity in the HepG-2 cell line. (E) BCL-2 -associated X-protein " BAX ", retinoblastoma “ RB ” 1 , cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor “ CDKN1A ”, and tumor protein “ TP53 ” fold expression. (F) E2 promoter binding factor “ E2F ” 4 , Kirsten rat sarcoma virus “ KRAS ”, B-cell lymphoma “ BCL ” 2 , and nuclear factor “ NF ” KB1 fold expression. The results are presented as the mean ± S.E. (n = 5), and significance was achieved at * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.0001. (*, black) indicates a comparison with the 5-FU; (*, red) refers to the comparison between the treatment with BVVO and UnSap.

Article Snippet: The HepG-2 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Activity Assay, Binding Assay, Virus, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Unsaponifiable fraction of black Vitis vinifera seed oil attenuates liver cancer progression by targeting apoptosis and key tumor-associated genes: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-44404-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Heatmap plot and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) network. (A) A heatmap showing the clustering of the expression of the investigated genes in HepG-2 cells. The color ranges from blue (low expression) to red (high expression). (B) QIAGEN IPA network of the proteins examined to evaluate the anticancer effects of the unsaponifiable fraction (UnSap) from black Vitis vinifera seed oil (BVVO) in comparison with 5-FU. Green denotes a significantly decreased level; red indicates a significantly increased level, according to color intensity. On the basis of the IPA database, molecular connections between interacting genes represent direct (solid line) or indirect (dotted line) functional links. The IPA legend describes the symbols representing the IPA networks provided in the inset.

Article Snippet: The HepG-2 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison, Functional Assay